One of the reasons for the success of the entire Normandy campaign was the construction and use of what were known as Mulberries. These were giant artificial ports built by the British and the Americans to bring in huge amounts of provisions and supplies after D-Day.

In order to build a Mulberry, large numbers of artificial barges were towed into harbors at Arromanches-les-Bains and at Omaha Beach and used to protect long artificial bridges that connected supply ships with the land. Once the ships were connected to the land, all manner of vehicles could simply be driven off of them and onto shore.

Though the artificial harbors were constructed at both places, a furious storm destroyed the one at Omaha Beach, leaving Arromanches-les-Bains as the main artery for supply for the Allies.

Here, in Arromanches, we see a restored section of one of the bridges. Many of these would be linked together in order to drive supplies off the ships and onto the beach.

The barges used in the construction of the artificial harbor were known as Phoenixes. At Arromanches, there are still about a dozen Phoenixes visible above the water line, and some are now on the shore. Here, we see one of them on the beach, where it is a popular structure for beachgoers to climb on.

In this photograph, we see a model of the artificial harbor constructed at Arromanches-les-Bains. At the top of the photo, we can see the long line of barges used as a seawall to protect the harbor, and below that, we can see several long lines of bridge sections connecting supply ships with the shore.

Before the artificial harbor could work as a way to bring in supply ships--and therefore supply the troops fighting the Germans inland in Normandy--a problem had to be solved: How could you anchor the Phoenixes to each other in such a way that they would not sink, split apart, or otherwise be made useless by heavy waves or bad weather?

The problem was first raised by Winston Churchill in 1942. But the solution came from British Maj. Allan Beckett, who, according to a plaque in Arromanches, designed "the floating roadways, their piers, and the 'Kite' anchors, which enabled the harbor to survive the storm of June 13 to 18, 1944, and to become the key to victory in Normandy.

This is one of the 'Kite' anchors designed by Beckett.

This is a model of a Phoenix located in the Musee du Debarquement in Arromanches-les-Bains. Note the antiaircraft gun turret mounted in the middle.

Here we see a model of the bridges to the shore that were constructed in order to bring supplies in from ships.

According to information in the museum in Arromanches, "On June 6th, Col. Talley was the 5th Army Corps observer surveying Omaha Beach from a landing craft. After some very anxious moments, he could finally send a positive message to his commanding officer, Gen. Gerow. The message read, "I join you thanking God for our Navy," and it subsequently became a famous D-Day quote implying the decisive role the warships played in dealing with the German defenses.

This is one of the four 155mm guns the Germans placed at Longues-sur-Mer, each with a range of 12 miles, enough to threaten the landing fleets at Gold and Omaha beaches.

According to a sign at the site, the batteries were made of "layers of earth, on an inclined plan, [which] rested on the...sidewalls. They were designed to cushion against bomb impacts, to prevent it from tipping over in the event of a near miss, and to conceal the blockhouses."

This is the range-finding post for the Longues-sur-Mer batteries. It was located 300 yards in front of the batteries, on the edge of the cliff, and it was protected by machine-gun nests, as well as "Tobruks"--concrete niches mounted with a weapon or tank turret, according to the sign--mines, and barbed wire. The post was outfitted with a telemetric aiming device to help the crew reach their targets accurately.

According to the sign at the Longues-sur-Mer site, overnight on June 5 and into June 6, the Allies fired a thousand tons of bombs at the Longues-sur-Mer batteries, but made little ground there.

Early on June 6, the battery became engaged in a duel with the American cruiser Arkansas and two French ships. The battery "stopped firing, then trained its guns on the...headquarters of the 3rd Infantry, which was forced to [back off]. The cruiser Ajax replied. Again the battery fell silent, until the afternoon, when it resumed firing on the beaches at Colleville [Omaha Beach] and Asnelles.

"Late in the evening, the Arkansas and [the French ships] knocked out the battery once and for all."

This site, west of Omaha Beach, and east of Utah Beach, is Pointe-du-Hoc. The site was thought by the Germans to be safe from attack from the beach due to the cliffs atop which it sat, which had perfect views of both Omaha and Utah beaches. The Germans maintained long-range artillery here, and could reach both invasion beaches. Knocking out the guns at Pointe-du-Hoc was assumed by Allied command to be key to a successful invasion.

Three companies of the 2nd Ranger Battalion were chosen to attack Pointe-du-Hoc. Led by Lt. Col. James Rudder, 225 Rangers were assigned the task of landing on the beach, climbing the cliffs, and taking out the guns.

A navigation error led the Rangers to land three miles away, delaying them and costing them the element of surprise. And "despite rigorous Allied aerial and naval bombardments, the [Germans] remained and desperately attempted to ward off the the attackers with grenades and small arms fire," reads a sign at Pointe-du-Hoc. Eventually, however, the Rangers, using specially designed climbing equipment, reached the top.

"Upon reaching the top they found only empty gun emplacements among the craters of the preinvasion bombardments. The force then gradually advanced inland where two Rangers spotted the well-camouflaged 155mm gun battery, now positioned south of the point and sitting mysteriously silent. With the enemy gun crews close by, the two men employed thermite grenades and destroyed the guns. At the end of the day, [Col.] Rudder sent a message to V Corps saying, 'Located Pointe-du-Hoc--mission accomplished--need ammunition and reinforcement--many casualties.'"

Indeed, of the original 225-man attack force, just 90 combat-effective men remained after the attack.

This is a view of the beach below Pointe-du-Hoc and of the cliffs that climb to the point.

This is a bunker on the edge of the cliff at Pointe-du-Hoc where machine guns were placed to cover the beaches below, and to protect the artillery pieces behind.

This is the view from inside the machine-gun boxes at the edge of the cliff at Pointe-du-Hoc.

Here, we can see many of the craters left at the Pointe-du-Hoc site by the relentless Allied bombing in advance of the Rangers' attack and the general D-Day invasion.

This is the entrance to the German bunker at the edge of the cliffs at Pointe-du-Hoc.

Here, we see a former German gun mount at Pointe-du-Hoc.

This is one of the special ladders used by the Rangers to scale the cliffs at Pointe-du-Hoc.

This is a view of part of the American Cemetery at Omaha Beach. Here, 9,387 American soldiers are buried.

This is the memorial site at the American Cemetery at Omaha Beach in Colleville-sur-Mer, in Normandy, France. The statue is called "Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves."

This is the gravestone of Allan Mann, one of thousands of American soldiers who died on June 6, 1944, D-Day, on the beaches of Normandy.

Here, we see the entire memorial site at the American Cemetery, including a reflecting pool.

The American Cemetery at Omaha Beach contains the grave sites of many unknown soldiers. Their gravestones read, "Here rests in honored glory a comrade in arms known but to God."

Here, we see a view of the long beauty of Omaha Beach.

At the front of the assaulting force on D-Day was the 1st Infantry Division, known as the Big Red One. A small museum in Colleville-sur-Mer pays tribute to the crucial division.

This photograph, which is included in the archives of the Omaha Beach memorial museum, shows German Gen. Erwin Rommel inspecting the fortifications and defenses of Omaha Beach not long before the invasion.

Just inland from Omaha Beach, this memorial pays tribute to the Big Red One, the 1st Infantry Division, which led the assault on D-Day at Omaha Beach.

A memorial to the Fifth Engineer Special Brigade sits on top of a German 7.65mm cannon casemate at Omaha Beach.

This is a room inside one of the German quarters in bunkers at Omaha Beach. The hillside overlooking the beach was covered in batteries, bunkers, guns, and many kinds of fortifications and defenses.

This is a restored bridge used at Omaha Beach to bring supplies and reinforcements in from ships. The bridges were protected by the artificial seawall, like the one used at Arromanches-sur-Mer. This is found at Omaha Beach.

Close to the town of Port-en-Bessin-Huppain in Normandy, there is the Musee des Epaves Sous Marines. This is a fantastic collection of D-Day- and World War II-related military equipment recovered from underwater in and around the area in the years after the war.

This is a "DD" Tank that was sunk four miles from Omaha Beach. According to a sign at the museum, "On [the] morning of June 6...32 amphibious 'DD' tanks...are launched four miles from Omaha Beach. Twenty-seven of them sink, unable to fight against the heavy seas. Two reach the beaches due to the skill of their drivers."

This the rear of the DD tank, with its propellers still intact, but clearly showing the effects of the sea.

This is an M7 Priest Howitzer from the 58th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, which was recovered three miles from Omaha Beach.

Here we see the barnacles and corrosion on a gun found submerged, and now on display at the Musee des Epaves Sous Marines.

This is a British M-17 electric mine, recovered from the seas off Normandy.

This is an M4-A3 "Sherman Dozer," which weighed 40 tons, and carried five men. It had a 75mm cannon, and a .30 caliber machine gun. It was also found submerged in the seas off Normandy, having been lost at some point during or after the invasion.

This is a model of a landing craft, at the Omaha Beach memorial museum. It could carry 36 men, or 3 tons of freight or vehicles, such as the Jeep seen here. It had two 7.62mm machine guns, and was powered by a gasoline or diesel engine.

This is a German flamethrower, on display at the Omaha Beach memorial museum.

This is an example of a doll and parachute, which the Americans launched to try to confuse Germans grappling with invading paratroopers.

This is a Mitrailleuse MG-42 German machine gun. It could fire 200 shots a minute up to 6 kilometers.

This is an American 105mm cannon, on display at the Omaha Beach memorial museum.

This is a touch-sensitive German floating sea mine.

This is the canteen belonging to Pvt. First Class Allan Lawyer of the First Infantry Division, otherwise known as the Big Red One. The canteen has "Lawyer" inscribed on its bottom, and is on display at the Big Red One Assault museum in Colleville-sur-Mer.