The Great Pacific Garbage Patch: What to Know About the Floating Islands of Trash

The Pacific Ocean has been accumulating trash for decades, which has turned into two large, floating islands of garbage. The entire patch covers hundreds of thousands of square miles and is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The pervasive vortices of human-made garbage damage marine life, as well as the environment, and can even exacerbate human-caused climate change.

In August 2021, the environmental nonprofit Ocean Cleanup deployed Jenny, its first large-scale cleaning system, which has cleared out nearly 175,000 pounds of trash. Today, in time for World Oceans Day, Jenny removed another 14,832 pounds of trash. In October, Ocean Cleanup called that work the "beginning of the end of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch." 

Ocean trash is only one area of focus, however. Plastic pollution and microplastics have been shown to contribute to climate change, since heat can cause them to release greenhouse gasses. Addressing the climate crisis requires reducing pollution in the oceans, which accumulate an additional 8 million tons of plastic yearly.

Here's everything we know about the island of trash in the Pacific Ocean and how you can help.

Where is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?

The garbage patch is two vortices filled with trash in the Pacific Ocean. The two whirlpools of human detritus are known as the Western Garbage Patch (closer to Japan) and the Eastern Garbage Patch (closer to California and Mexico). 

They're also known as gyres, which is when two ocean currents come together and create a hurricane-like current, Nancy Wallace, director of the Marine Debris Program at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, told CNET. Materials then get caught in the gyres.

While you may think the patches are solid masses of tangled plastic, they're actually dispersed across hundreds of miles of the Pacific. You could sail through the patches without even noticing you're in them. This is because as much as 70% of the trash eventually sinks to the bottom of the ocean, Wallace said.

What kind of garbage is in the mounds of ocean trash?

Most of the trash comes from land in North America and Asia, like plastic bottles and straws that have found their way into the ocean. Trash can eventually make its way into the ocean from land-based sources, such as rivers, storm water and littering. 

However, 20% comes from boats or ships that discard debris into the ocean, including lost fishing gear, according to the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation.

How large is the garbage patch?

The Ocean Cleanup estimates that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch occupies 1.6 million square kilometers, about twice the size of Texas, or three times the size of France. It's estimated to span around 620,000 square miles.

However, the actual size of the island of trash is unknown since not all of the trash sits on top of the water, Wallace said, and it's a moving target due to waves and wind. It does, however, stay within a specific area due to ocean currents.

Watch this: The Ocean Cleanup's upgraded Interceptors: A weapon against plastic pollution in rivers, seas

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How much trash is in the garbage patch?

There's an estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of trash in the garbage patch, according to Conservation.org, which also projects that by 2050, the mass of ocean trash from plastic will outweigh its fish. 

The Ocean Cleanup said it found more than 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic in the patch, weighing an estimated 80,000 tons. The organization said that number is a midrange value, and its calculations estimated that it may range from 1.1 to 3.6 trillion pieces.

At least 8 million tons of plastic enter all the oceans each year, and ocean-borne plastic is forecast to double by 2030, according to the World Wildlife Fund organization.

How does the garbage affect marine life?

You've likely seen photos of sea turtles with fishing nets tangled around their bodies and shells. This is just one terrible effect that human-generated debris has on marine life. Animals in the ocean can also ingest the plastic debris, which can harm them and make them feel as though they're full, Wallace said. This results in the animals not eating the food they need to survive. The plastic could also lacerate their organs.

Plastic can choke and smother marine animals and their habitats and can take hundreds of years to break down, according to the WWF. 

Microplastics can also damage the ocean

Microplastics are less than 5 millimeters long and come from larger debris that breaks down into smaller pieces, so they're much harder to filter out. These small plastics can pose a threat to aquatic animals as they can ingest the debris. 

But can eating fish that have consumed these microplastics hurt humans? Ocean Cleanup says when animals eat the plastics containing chemicals, there's a possibility the chemicals could eventually make their way up the food chain to people.

However, more studies are needed to determine the impacts of microplastics, according to NOAA.

Watch this: Saildrones are mapping the ocean, counting fish and monitoring climate change

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Is ocean trash contributing to climate change?

In short, yes. Chemical components and legacy pollutants absorb into the plastic the marine animals are eating, Wallace said. Then sunlight and heat cause the plastic to release powerful greenhouse gasses. The WWF says as the planet gets hotter, the plastic breaks down into methane and ethylene, which increases the rate of climate change.

Ocean plastic damages air quality, pollutes the atmosphere and contributes to global warming, according to Iberdrola, a multinational electric utility.

Is anything being done to clean up the ocean trash?

Yes. Groups are working to prevent more trash from ending up in the garbage patches by reducing the number of single-use products, such as bottles and straws. There are also people working on cleanup and removal of debris on or near the shore because it's easier to get land trash picked up. 

Other groups are looking at doing open ocean cleanup to collect debris like fishing gear and other smaller pieces that are floating around, but there are some challenges since the Pacific Ocean is so big and deep. 

What can I do to help clean up ocean trash?

• Businesses and individuals should avoid adding to the problem. For instance, stop littering and start using reusable water bottles instead of single-serve plastic bottles that can easily wind up in waterways.
• If you live near an ocean, volunteer to clean the shoreline to help remove debris on shores. 
• If you don't live near an ocean, you can help clean up parks or local neighborhoods, as trash in those areas can eventually end up in marine environments. 
• Donate to different organizations that support removing the trash, such as Ocean Conservancy and Oceana.
• Shop at companies that are working toward sustainability. They'll typically have this info listed on their website -- for instance, Amazon has a sustainability page with its goals.

• Support people in all levels of the government who advocate policies addressing climate change.

For more information, read about how scientists estimate 85% of the world's population is affected by climate change.