With the complete depletion of its stored helium, which was used to cool the spacecraft's instruments, the Herschel space observatory is experiencing a rise in temperatures, rendering its sensitive equipment unusable, according to a report issued by NASA and the European Space Agency yesterday.
Launched in 2009, Herschel's detectors were designed to pick up the glow from celestial objects with infrared wavelengths as long as 625 micrometers -- 1,000 times longer than what we can see with our eyes.
Because heat interferes with the sensitive equipment, the instruments were chilled to temperatures as low as 2 Kelvins -- minus 271 degrees Celsius -- using liquid helium.
This map, superimposed over an image of Jupiter, shows the distribution of water in the stratosphere of Jupiter. The image was created using data collected by the Herschel space observatory's Photodetecting Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) instrument at around 66.4 microns, a wavelength that corresponds to one of water's many spectral signatures.
The image shows an asymmetric distribution of water across the planet, with the southern hemisphere showing the most water. The highest concentrations are depicted in white and cyan. Based on this and other data collected by Herschel, astronomers have established that at least 95 percent of the water present in Jupiter's stratosphere was supplied by the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1994.
Published:Caption:James MartinPhoto:ESA/Herschel/T. Cavalia et al.
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Blowing bubbles in the Carina Nebula
The Carina Nebula, seen here, shows the effects of massive star formation, as powerful stellar winds and radiation have carved pillars and bubbles in dense clouds of gas and dust.
This image of Andromeda, M31, uses the PACS, as well as the SPIRE instruments, to observe infrared wavelengths of 70 microns (blue), 100 microns (green), and 160 and 250 microns combined (red).
Published:Caption:James MartinPhoto:ESA/Herschel/PACS & SPIRE Consortium, O. Krause, HSC, H. Linz
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Herschel's swan
This view of the Cygnus-X star formation region depicts chaotic dust and gas clusters.
The image combines data acquired on May 24 and December 18, 2010, with the PACS instrument at 70 microns (blue channel) and 160 microns (green channel), and with the SPIRE instrument at 250 microns (red channel).
The iconic Horsehead Nebula, in the constellation Orion is seen here in a composite of the wavelengths of 70 microns (blue), 160 microns (green), and 250 microns (red).
The horse's head appears to rise above the surrounding gas and dust in the far right-hand side of this image. Radiation streaming from newborn stars heats up the dust and gas, appearing to shine vividly in pink and white.
