Wifi works on laptop only close range

There are a few causes that are just settings. My favorite is when the router is set to channel 14 and your laptop is set to NA (North America) for it's WiFi channels. This works but only at close range.

To see if that's it, find your router's channel number and your PC's WiFi region setting.

Link about: https://superuser.com/questions/339571/wifi-router-region-setting-what-does-this-affect-transmission-power

You can buy a small USB wifi dongle for as little as $5 or $10. Plug it into a USB port on the laptop and select it as your default wireless adapter in Windows. Test your reception. If it works better now that would suggest your laptop's built-in wifi adapter needs the strong reception found in coffee shops, not the weaker reception it's getting from your home router. If the problem remains even with the new adapter that suggests there's an issue with the home router, regardless of the phones' working OK with it. It could be resolved by changing the router's broadcast channel Try ch. 6 or ch. 11. Also, try moving the router more out in the open.

Sometime this issue may occur, as you are facing. Router showing connected with internet but we can't surfing, slow wifi connectivity issues.
This cause that you are using old router, or it need reset.
You can use nighthawk router for better wifi speed.
If you don't want to buy new one router, restart your router. Disable any VPN or proxy services if you are using.