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General discussion

Watch who you drive with (or, whatever happened to 'reasonable doubt?')

Dec 15, 2003 10:33PM PST

An absolutely terrible (unanimous!) Supreme Court decision: Traffic stop arrests upheld.
"The Supreme Court issued a traffic warning Monday: Beware of whom you ride with. If drugs are found in a vehicle, all occupants can be arrested, the justices said in a unanimous decision."
-- Dave K.
Speakeasy Moderator
click here to email semods4@yahoo.com

The opinions expressed above are my own,
and do not necessarily reflect those of CNET!

Discussion is locked

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Why terrible Dave?
Dec 15, 2003 10:48PM PST

How about if they found a sawed off shotgun in the car and none of the occupants would claim it? The "innocents" arrested have only the guilty culprit to thank.

Evie Happy

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Re: Why terrible Dave?
Dec 15, 2003 11:01PM PST

Hi, Evie.

Gun, drugs, it doesn't matter -- without evidence of at least knowledge, there's reasonable doubt.
-- Dave K.
Speakeasy Moderator
click here to email semods4@yahoo.com

The opinions expressed above are my own,
and do not necessarily reflect those of CNET!

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Threshold for arrest ...
Dec 15, 2003 11:15PM PST

... is probable cause. Reasonable doubt is for conviction, and before that there is further judicial review in bringing formal charges and making them stand trial for same.

Evie Happy

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Re:Re: Why terrible Dave?
Dec 17, 2003 12:35AM PST
Gun, drugs, it doesn't matter...

Corpses too? Since when was 'resonable doubt' ever the threshold for arrest? Me thinks the mafia would like your principle, their victims might not like it, but then again, what do you care? You obviously think someone should be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt before they are even arrested. Perhaps we should do away with judges and jurys too and just let the arresting officer determine the sentence as well.
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Arrest is not conviction, Dave...
Dec 15, 2003 10:49PM PST

Dave, what if they had found a full-auto AK-47? Wouldn't it be in line to take them all in, and find out to whom it belongs?
Better yet, what if they find a bomb? Would you want everybody but the driver told to go home or would you want everybody taken downtown until they find out what is going on?

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LOL J ...
Dec 15, 2003 10:49PM PST

... me thinks you and I are riding the same wavelength this morning Happy

Evie Happy

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Re: Arrest is not conviction, Dave...
Dec 15, 2003 11:05PM PST

Hi, J.

The story says everyone in the car can be charged. That makes a travesty of our judicial system. Detained and investigated -- sure. But there should be no charge without evidence of knowledge, at the very least. This is the "camel's nose" in the tent of reasonable doubt, which is why the ACLU was involved in the case. As for arrest not being conviction, most employment questionnaires ask about arrests, not convictions...
-- Dave K.
Speakeasy Moderator
click here to email semods4@yahoo.com

The opinions expressed above are my own,
and do not necessarily reflect those of CNET!

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Everyone can be charged?
Dec 15, 2003 11:19PM PST

Didn't see that Dave, saw that the arrests were upheld. The burden of proof is still on law enforcement to link the drugs to the appropriate culprit and prove that beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law.

Evie Happy

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Re: Everyone can be charged?
Dec 16, 2003 4:07AM PST

Hi, Evie.

You're not allowed to arrest someone without probable cause for their guilt. If that's the basis of the case, the it's still a travesty in terms of close parsing of language -- almost as bad as Clinton's "is" comment.
-- Dave K.
Speakeasy Moderator
click here to email semods4@yahoo.com

The opinions expressed above are my own,
and do not necessarily reflect those of CNET!

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You are misinformed
Dec 16, 2003 4:43AM PST

Hi Dave,

PROBABLE CAUSE

* Facts and circumstance sufficient to convince a person of reasonable caution that an offense has been committed; mere suspicion or belief, unsupported by facts or circumstances, is insufficient. A search warrant may be authorized, or a warrant-less arrest may be made, upon probable cause source

In order to make an arrest, the cops need only reasonable circumstances to prove a crime has been committed and may have been committed by that person. Drugs (or guns, or any law you tend to prefer to uphold more vigorously than drug laws) in a car with several occupants -- even if one claims the drugs are their's -- constitute probable cause.

As someone else pointed out, the unanimous decision should have been a hint that you're a little off base on this one.

Evie Happy

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'Camel's Nose'...
Dec 16, 2003 1:27AM PST

what BS Dave.

You are aware I am sure that since BEFORE you were in college contraband found in COMMUNAL AREAS subjected all involved to arrest and charges--EVEN when one person admitted ownership (at the discretion of the authorities).

As stated by others "probable cause" is grounds for arrest and charges while "reasonable doubt" is only grounds for a finding of not guilty AFTER being tried.

As for "employment questionaires" they are beside the point and have NOTHING to do with law enforcement. You don't like the question you don't answer it--your choice.

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Re: great Catch0-22, Ed.
Dec 16, 2003 4:10AM PST

>>As for "employment questionaires" they are beside the point and have NOTHING to do with law enforcement. You don't like the question you don't answer it -- your choice.<<
Don't answer it, and you won't get the job. Answer it falsely, and you're liable to be terminated for that. Answer it truthfully, and you usually won't get the job anyway, as in today's hirer's market there are lots of other applicants without a "checkered past." In other words, whatevert you do, you're scr*wed!-- Dave K.
Speakeasy Moderator
click here to email semods4@yahoo.com

The opinions expressed above are my own,
and do not necessarily reflect those of CNET!

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A red herring that has nothing to do with law enforcement...
Dec 16, 2003 4:41AM PST

and if you don't like their questionaire would you really want to be employed by the company anyway?

Are "they" still holding those demonstrations against you?

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While understanding the basis for detention and investigation
Dec 16, 2003 5:17AM PST

Even perhaps charges, at least to the point of a probably cause hearing in front of a judge, it can affect employment you already have.

I'm personally aware of companies that policy is that if you miss work due to being in jail (not convicted of a crime, just held) you're suspended pending further investigation. Which can mean until any hearing or trial is over, and even then it's up to the company, not the court. Given that can be a lengthy time with our current morass of court backups etc, it can be devastating.

And I've even been told (but not seen in writing, so there is some doubt) that some will terminate you if miss work because you're in jail.

So while I understand the need for detention and investigation in circumstances, it can have bad consequences at work.

roger

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Which brings us full circle ...
Dec 16, 2003 5:29AM PST

... to be careful the company you keep. I don't think it is reasonable to expect the cops to take into account all the ramifications a person might face re: employment or else they'ld never arrest anyone!

Doesn't it seem reasonable to you that if a cop finds an illegal firearm in a vehicle with two occupants, both might be arrested/detained until the actual owner could be determined? Well, so long as this quantity of drugs is illegal, it's the same thing.

Evie Happy

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Re:Which brings us full circle ...
Dec 16, 2003 5:40AM PST

As I said, I can understand the need for detention and investigation. And I can understand the circumstances can appear bad enough to end up in court.

But it doesn't depend on you riding with the wrong person. If it happened that a 6 foot tall overweight white man with a beard driving a similair vehicle was described by several witnesses at a crime scene and reported headed down the road I drive to work on, I could easily be detained by circumstances.

I'm not saying it would be wrong, I'm just pointing out that the need to be careful, because just holding me 24 hours might get me suspended from work until proven innocent perhaps. And that could take how long? Long enough to default on loans and go bankrupt for many I'm sure.

roger

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No one denies that there can be bad implications...
Dec 16, 2003 7:47AM PST

just that Dave is incorrect in his assumption that "reasonable doubt" has any bearing what so ever in the arrest and charging process.

There are companies who will terminate employees for missing work for medical reasons if the company is not promptly notified--that as well as arrests is between the employee and employer.

"Don't arrest me, I'll lose my job."
"But it looks like one of you three just killed this man."
"But it wasn't me, take my word for it."
"OK. I'll let you other two go also since none of you have said you did it and all have claimed not to have done so. After all, Dave over at Speakeasy says 'reasonable doubt' exists and if its good enough for him..."

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Employment questionaires Dave ...
Dec 16, 2003 4:49AM PST

... most I've ever filled out ask about convictions, not arrests. Unless you are applying for some job concerning security, etc., it's not going to be a big deal. The arrest shows up on a background check, but if no subsequent charges are filed this isn't likely to effect too many opportunities as the applicant is also given the opportunity to explain the circumstances. Unless someone is stupid enough to hang around with the element that might lead to a string of such arrests which definitely calls their judgment into question!

Evie Happy

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Re:Employment questionaires Dave ...
Dec 16, 2003 7:51AM PST

Dave hasn't applied for a job for a long, long time Evie.

Most that ask for arrests also have a follow up question that says "If you answered yes to XX explain here."

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Re: Employment questionaires Dave ...
Dec 16, 2003 12:25PM PST

Hi, Ed.

Of course they do, but as I said above, in a weak economy with multiple appliants for every job, the typical employer reaction is "why take a chance?" A single arrest can thus doom you to the unemployment line.
-- Dave K.
Speakeasy Moderator
click here to email semods4@yahoo.com

The opinions expressed above are my own,
and do not necessarily reflect those of CNET!

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Depending on the job ...
Dec 17, 2003 12:10AM PST

a single arrest can bar you from consideration period--regardless of job market.

Still has NOTHING to do with arrests for probable cause and convictions for either "preponderance of evidence" or "beyond reasonable doubt" depending on status of crime.

The unanimity was because legally there was no other option except "feel good" and PC legislation from the bench that even Ginsberg and Bryer couldn't stomach.

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Re:Re: Arrest is not conviction, Dave...
Dec 17, 2003 12:59AM PST
As for arrest not being conviction, most employment questionnaires ask about arrests, not convictions...

The next question on the questionnaire is 'If so, Explain'. There have been a number of people in the news lately arrested as a result of someone stealing their identity and using it to break the law. I guess they should also be able to tell the arresting officer not to arrest them because they would have to put it on a job application, huh? Me thinks many employers are going to have to rethink this question as they have the ones on race, age and gender if they want to avoid lawsuits. Just being arrested is no longer a good indicator of bad character.
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Hi Clay ...
Dec 17, 2003 1:15AM PST

... while I suppose some have blanket arrest questions, most seem to key in on convictions. Except for, say, applying to be a truck driver, they ask about DUI arrests, applying to work at a day care, they ask about arrests for sexual misconduct, etc.

If I had an arrest for being in a car with drugs that didn't result in formal charges or conviction, and I explained such on a job application and that was the reason I didn't get hired, I wouldn't want to work their either.

Evie Happy

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(NT) p.s. Dave, reasonable doubt has nothing to do with arrest!
Dec 15, 2003 10:49PM PST

.

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Sure sounds reasonable to me.
Dec 16, 2003 1:38AM PST

Didn't your parents always tell you to be careful who you hang out with? Do you expect the cops to sort everything out instantly without time to investigate? Unanimous ought to tell you something.

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For the record....
Dec 17, 2003 7:19AM PST

Here are the details of the case Dave thinks is so terrible...

(PDF)
A police officer stopped a car for speeding at 3:16 a.m.; searched the car, seizing $763 from the glove compartment and cocaine from behind the back-seat armrest; and arrested the car ?s three occupants after they denied ownership of the drugs and money.Respondent Pringle, the front-seat passenger, was convicted of possession with intent to distribute cocaine and possession of cocaine,and was sentenced to 10 years ? incarceration without the possibility of parole. The Maryland Court of Special Appeals affirmed,but the State Court of Appeals reversed, holding that, absent specific facts tending to show Pringle?s knowledge and dominion or control over the drugs,the mere finding of cocaine in the back armrest when Pringle was a front-seat passenger in a car being driven by its owner was insufficient to establish probable cause for an arrest for possession.

Held:Because the officer had probable cause to arrest Pringle, the arrest did not contravene the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Maryland law authorizes police officers to execute warrantless arrests,interalia , where the officer has probable cause to believe that a felony has been committed or is being committed in the officer ?s presence.Here,it is uncontested that the officer, upon recovering the suspected cocaine,had probable cause to believe a felony had been committed; the question is whether he had probable cause to believe Pringle committed that crime. The ?substance of all the definitions of probable cause is a reasonable ground for belief of guilt,?Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S.160,175,and that belief must be particularized with respect to the person to be searched or seized,Ybarra v.Illinois, 444 U.S.85,91.To determine whether an officer had probable cause to make an arrest,a court must examine the events leading up to the arrest,and then decide ?whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer,amount to ? probable cause. Ornelas v.United States,517 U.S.690,696. As it is an entirely reasonable inference from the facts here that any or all of the car ?s occupants had knowledge of,and exercised dominion and control over, the cocaine, a reasonable officer could conclude that there was probable cause to believe Pringle committed the crime of possession of cocaine, either solely or jointly. Pringle ?s attempt to characterize this as a guilt-by-association case is unavailing. Ybarra v.Illinois, supra,and United States v.Di Re,332 U.S.581,distinguished.Pp.3 ?8.

370 Md.525,805 A.2d 1016,reversed and remanded.
REHNQUIST,C.J.,delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.