My guess would be it's some kind of malware related damage, but it could be something else as well.
If you have a CD/DVD burner or a USB thumb/flash drive, you can get a Linux LiveCD distribution and use that to get the data off your drive. You can take your pick on the distribution... Knoppix, Fedora, Ubuntu, to name probably the biggest three.
You should also let this be a valuable lesson in the importance of proper and regular backups. Your hard drive could fail tomorrow, your house or apartment might catch on fire, a massive power surge could fry your computer... All kinds of things could happen that would cause you to lose those files forever if not backed up. Consider this to be a warning... The next time, it might be far more serious.