Off the top of my head, I'd think you have a bad SATA cable for the HDD. One of the only parts on those older MacBooks I've never replaced. It could also be your MLB is bad.

I'd take it in and have someone who can actually play around with it diagnose it. If it is the HDD SATA cable, I'd say pay for the repairs. If it's the MLB, just buy a new unit. It's also entirely possible that the cable just came loose or something like that. The MLB end of that cable is really kind of shallow, and it doesn't take a lot of force to pull it free, unlike say the LVDS cable. Sometimes that thing has a piece of the plastic break off in the port before it comes free.

And the fact that it happened after an improper shutdown is really probably just coincidence. It likely would have failed sooner or later regardless.