Killing bugs with nature
special report Scientists make big business out of organic pesticides as an alternative to chemicals.
Microbe-managing Mother Nature: From energy to E. coli, microbe management is big business
Recruiting microbes to do the dirty work
By Michael Kanellos
Staff Writer, CNET News.com
April 11, 2006 4:00 AM PST
Pam Marrone keeps her enemies close. They are in refrigerators and jars all over the company's offices.
In a room of flying insects and earthy smells, she holds up a plastic container and points to the roots of a tomato plant that look like they are infected with boils. The lumps, formed by parasitic worms known as root-knot nematodes, cause about $1 billion in crop damage annually.
"They are like a cancer," Marrone said. "Just about every crop you can talk about--bananas, grapes, cotton--gets affected by nematodes."
Marrone first became interested in insects as a kid in Connecticut and later
studied them at Cornell University and North Carolina State University, but her hobbies
have become a mission. Today, she is founder and president of
Organic biopesticides comprise only a small fraction of the overall $30 billion pesticide market, but they are growing rapidly--22 percent a year thanks to technological, regulatory and market forces. By 2010, biopesticides could account for more than $1 billion in revenues, according to some estimates. Other companies in the field include Valent Biosciences, Suterra, Certis and Nutra Park.
The business has come a long way from previous years when biopesticide scientists were viewed as modern-day snake oil salesmen. A number of start-ups formed in the 1990s were based on sound science from university labs but cratered in the dot-com meltdown.
AgraQuest, which has $10 million in annual sales today, was one of many companies that, back then, canceled plans to go public. But now new investors such as Texas Pacific Group Ventures are aiming to rapidly grow the company?s revenue by expanding relationships with farmers and retail outlets like Wal-Mart.
"We have a plan for very dramatic growth. There is a tremendous opportunity," said Bill McGlashan, managing director at Texas Pacific. "The challenge now is execution."
Natural pesticides exist all over the world. The microbe for root-knot nematodes studied at AgraQuest was discovered in an Eastern European creek by scientists once associated with a bioweapons lab in Siberia. The company's first product, Serenade, derives from a microorganism found in a peach orchard near Fresno, Calif., where a farmer had noted that a particular strand of trees never got hit with the dreaded brown rot. And the active ingredient in a fungicide called Sonata is a patented strain of Bacillus pumilus, originally found in a garden in Micronesia.
One of the more intriguing specimens for commercial exploitation is a novel fungus called Muscador, discovered by Montana State University professor emeritus Gary Strobel. The microorganism, which lives naturally in the bark of a type of spice tree found in Central America and other tropical regions, emits a cocktail of about 30 gases that kills a variety of pests. Muscador-based products will likely start coming out this year.
"It's effective in killing most plant pathogens," Strobel said. "It can even be effective in treating soil."
Muscador, which dies without spreading spores, could also be sprayed on drywall and building materials to kill mold spores sealed inside crawl spaces and walls during construction.
Because they are natural substances, biopesticides can go where chemicals cannot. Organic farmers, for instance, can't spray chemical pesticides without losing their organic status, but they can deploy biopesticides. Thus, that familiar loose-leaf lettuce in the organic bins at the grocery store was probably sprayed with products like Agraquest's Serenade or Novodor from Valent, which also makes organic mosquito repellent and fruit-growth enhancers.
Roughly 70 percent of California's peach and apricot crop, which can be plagued with moths, are treated with biopesticides from Suterra. The company sells a suite of products that mimic the pheromones secreted by female moths: Males sniff out the pheromones to find the females, but because the substance is sprayed all over the fields, they get confused and die before fertilizing any eggs.
Even if crops are not expected to be labeled as organic, biopesticides have other advantages. Regulations often prevent farmers from spraying chemicals about 30 days before harvest, but biopesticides can be used up to the last minute, resulting in greater crop yields. Workers can also return to the fields far more quickly after a biopesticide spray than if chemicals were used.
"The chemical pesticides they (farmers) have been using have become less effective or have been regulated away from them," said Tom Larsen, Suterra's director of product development.
Microbe vs. insect smackdownBiopesticides, not chemicals, may alter farming's future.
Microbe-managing Mother Nature: From energy to E. coli, microbe management is big business
Recruiting microbes to do the dirty work
Depending on the country, biopesticides can also let farmers skirt export restrictions. Some retailers, such as Marks & Spencer in the United Kingdom, even set limits on how much chemical residue can exist on food they buy.
"A farmer in Mexico or Chile knows they can use (them) and not get any problems," said Olav Messerschmidt, executive director of the Biopesticide Industry Alliance. "The growth has been good. A lot if it in North America has been because of organic farming. In Europe, there's more environmental consciousness."
Genetically modified foods can improve crop yields without noxious chemicals too, but they have come under fire from consumer groups. Although no one is known to have died from ingesting genetically modified organisms, corporations see them as a marketing negative.
Microbes, of course, can be dangerous to humans as well, but they tend to be safer than chemicals. One of the most popular biopesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, kills insects by forming a protein crystal that the bugs ingest. The proteins rip through the innards of insects that go through a worm stage, Messerschmidt said, but humans and other mammals have acid-based digestive systems that aren't affected. "We ingest it all the time," he said. "If you eat fruit with a little soil left on it, it's there."
Proponents assert that naturally occurring pesticides can have a longer life in the market than their chemical counterparts. Often, insects can build resistance to a chemical pesticide in about 20 generations, or three to five years. Many chemical insecticides no longer work in Costa Rica because of the near-constant spraying of bananas.
The microbes in biopesticides, however, emit an array of chemicals that act synergistically, which makes it tougher to develop resistance. Biopesticides can even be mixed with regular chemical pesticides to slow down resistance.
"It would take multiple mutations to overcome," Marrone said. "You can also rotate (biopesticides) with chemicals or mix it in the tank, for farmers that don't want to go cold turkey."
While bugs don't appear to resist the biopesticides, human resistance has prevented these materials from expanding. A couple of decades ago, large chemical companies such as Monsanto began to study the possibility of exploiting naturally occurring organisms, but many chose instead to put their energy behind genetic engineering.
Biopesticides have also faced regulatory barriers. In the 1980s, the Environmental Protection Agency wouldn't approve them for use.
In one celebrated instance, Professor Strobel, discoverer of Muscador, found a microbe for combating Dutch Elm disease. After he announced he would use it, the EPA sent six officers to his house and threatened to shut down the lab at Montana State. The New York Times ran a front-page story on his plight on the same day he was attending his son's college graduation. (Strobel's son now heads Yale University's molecular biophysics department and hunts microbes with him.)
"Talk about irony," he said.
Elsewhere in academia, biopesticides historically had not been accepted among many researchers, who played down their efficacy. But new testing procedures mandated by the EPA in the past two years have begun to show that biopesticides can perform as well or better than chemicals.
More importantly, farmers are buying into the concept.
"They will go with what works," Marrone said. "A farmer in Mexico told me,
'When I used chemicals, it is like the plant is on steroids. It gets pumped up,
but then it poops out.'"
Microbe vs. insect smackdownBiopesticides, not chemicals, may alter farming's future.
Microbe-managing Mother Nature: From energy to E. coli, microbe management is big business
Recruiting microbes to do the dirty work
By Michael Kanellos
Staff Writer, CNET News.com
April 11, 2006 4:00 AM PST
Pam Marrone keeps her enemies close. They are in refrigerators and jars all over the company's offices.
In a room of flying insects and earthy smells, she holds up a plastic container and points to the roots of a tomato plant that look like they are infected with boils. The lumps, formed by parasitic worms known as root-knot nematodes, cause about $1 billion in crop damage annually.
"They are like a cancer," Marrone said. "Just about every crop you can talk about--bananas, grapes, cotton--gets affected by nematodes."
Marrone first became interested in insects as a kid in Connecticut and later
studied them at Cornell University and North Carolina State University, but her hobbies
have become a mission. Today, she is founder and president of
Organic biopesticides comprise only a small fraction of the overall $30 billion pesticide market, but they are growing rapidly--22 percent a year thanks to technological, regulatory and market forces. By 2010, biopesticides could account for more than $1 billion in revenues, according to some estimates. Other companies in the field include Valent Biosciences, Suterra, Certis and Nutra Park.
The business has come a long way from previous years when biopesticide scientists were viewed as modern-day snake oil salesmen. A number of start-ups formed in the 1990s were based on sound science from university labs but cratered in the dot-com meltdown.
AgraQuest, which has $10 million in annual sales today, was one of many companies that, back then, canceled plans to go public. But now new investors such as Texas Pacific Group Ventures are aiming to rapidly grow the company?s revenue by expanding relationships with farmers and retail outlets like Wal-Mart.
"We have a plan for very dramatic growth. There is a tremendous opportunity," said Bill McGlashan, managing director at Texas Pacific. "The challenge now is execution."
Natural pesticides exist all over the world. The microbe for root-knot nematodes studied at AgraQuest was discovered in an Eastern European creek by scientists once associated with a bioweapons lab in Siberia. The company's first product, Serenade, derives from a microorganism found in a peach orchard near Fresno, Calif., where a farmer had noted that a particular strand of trees never got hit with the dreaded brown rot. And the active ingredient in a fungicide called Sonata is a patented strain of Bacillus pumilus, originally found in a garden in Micronesia.
One of the more intriguing specimens for commercial exploitation is a novel fungus called Muscador, discovered by Montana State University professor emeritus Gary Strobel. The microorganism, which lives naturally in the bark of a type of spice tree found in Central America and other tropical regions, emits a cocktail of about 30 gases that kills a variety of pests. Muscador-based products will likely start coming out this year.
"It's effective in killing most plant pathogens," Strobel said. "It can even be effective in treating soil."
Muscador, which dies without spreading spores, could also be sprayed on drywall and building materials to kill mold spores sealed inside crawl spaces and walls during construction.
Because they are natural substances, biopesticides can go where chemicals cannot. Organic farmers, for instance, can't spray chemical pesticides without losing their organic status, but they can deploy biopesticides. Thus, that familiar loose-leaf lettuce in the organic bins at the grocery store was probably sprayed with products like Agraquest's Serenade or Novodor from Valent, which also makes organic mosquito repellent and fruit-growth enhancers.
Roughly 70 percent of California's peach and apricot crop, which can be plagued with moths, are treated with biopesticides from Suterra. The company sells a suite of products that mimic the pheromones secreted by female moths: Males sniff out the pheromones to find the females, but because the substance is sprayed all over the fields, they get confused and die before fertilizing any eggs.
Even if crops are not expected to be labeled as organic, biopesticides have other advantages. Regulations often prevent farmers from spraying chemicals about 30 days before harvest, but biopesticides can be used up to the last minute, resulting in greater crop yields. Workers can also return to the fields far more quickly after a biopesticide spray than if chemicals were used.
"The chemical pesticides they (farmers) have been using have become less effective or have been regulated away from them," said Tom Larsen, Suterra's director of product development.
Microbe vs. insect smackdownBiopesticides, not chemicals, may alter farming's future.
Microbe-managing Mother Nature: From energy to E. coli, microbe management is big business
Recruiting microbes to do the dirty work
Depending on the country, biopesticides can also let farmers skirt export restrictions. Some retailers, such as Marks & Spencer in the United Kingdom, even set limits on how much chemical residue can exist on food they buy.
"A farmer in Mexico or Chile knows they can use (them) and not get any problems," said Olav Messerschmidt, executive director of the Biopesticide Industry Alliance. "The growth has been good. A lot if it in North America has been because of organic farming. In Europe, there's more environmental consciousness."
Genetically modified foods can improve crop yields without noxious chemicals too, but they have come under fire from consumer groups. Although no one is known to have died from ingesting genetically modified organisms, corporations see them as a marketing negative.
Microbes, of course, can be dangerous to humans as well, but they tend to be safer than chemicals. One of the most popular biopesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, kills insects by forming a protein crystal that the bugs ingest. The proteins rip through the innards of insects that go through a worm stage, Messerschmidt said, but humans and other mammals have acid-based digestive systems that aren't affected. "We ingest it all the time," he said. "If you eat fruit with a little soil left on it, it's there."
Proponents assert that naturally occurring pesticides can have a longer life in the market than their chemical counterparts. Often, insects can build resistance to a chemical pesticide in about 20 generations, or three to five years. Many chemical insecticides no longer work in Costa Rica because of the near-constant spraying of bananas.
The microbes in biopesticides, however, emit an array of chemicals that act synergistically, which makes it tougher to develop resistance. Biopesticides can even be mixed with regular chemical pesticides to slow down resistance.
"It would take multiple mutations to overcome," Marrone said. "You can also rotate (biopesticides) with chemicals or mix it in the tank, for farmers that don't want to go cold turkey."
While bugs don't appear to resist the biopesticides, human resistance has prevented these materials from expanding. A couple of decades ago, large chemical companies such as Monsanto began to study the possibility of exploiting naturally occurring organisms, but many chose instead to put their energy behind genetic engineering.
Biopesticides have also faced regulatory barriers. In the 1980s, the Environmental Protection Agency wouldn't approve them for use.
In one celebrated instance, Professor Strobel, discoverer of Muscador, found a microbe for combating Dutch Elm disease. After he announced he would use it, the EPA sent six officers to his house and threatened to shut down the lab at Montana State. The New York Times ran a front-page story on his plight on the same day he was attending his son's college graduation. (Strobel's son now heads Yale University's molecular biophysics department and hunts microbes with him.)
"Talk about irony," he said.
Elsewhere in academia, biopesticides historically had not been accepted among many researchers, who played down their efficacy. But new testing procedures mandated by the EPA in the past two years have begun to show that biopesticides can perform as well or better than chemicals.
More importantly, farmers are buying into the concept.
"They will go with what works," Marrone said. "A farmer in Mexico told me,
'When I used chemicals, it is like the plant is on steroids. It gets pumped up,
but then it poops out.'"
Microbe vs. insect smackdownBiopesticides, not chemicals, may alter farming's future.